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		<title>Vucumprà WEBM.org</title>
		<link>http://salvofedele.wordpress.com/2009/04/25/vucumpra-webmorg/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 25 Apr 2009 13:23:00 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>Ricordate questa vignetta?</title>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 25 Apr 2009 10:27:00 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Questa vignetta simboleggia bene tutto il percorso del progetto.La guardo con nostalgia e nello stesso tempo con un po&#8217; di orgoglio.Bene adesso abbiamo uno spazio di discussione intranet (con facebook WEBM.org) i nostri portfolio (con myWEBM.org) la piattaforma per i nostri meeting on line (con Breeze) il nostro servizio bibliografico (attivo alla grande!) e molto [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=salvofedele.wordpress.com&amp;blog=909238&amp;post=275&amp;subd=salvofedele&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/mediasalvofedele/416349551/in/set-72157594580218941/" title="cf-Goals-small.gif by you."><img alt="cf-Goals-small.gif by you." src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/163/416349551_8cce51f3a6.jpg?v=0" border="0" /></a><br />Questa vignetta simboleggia bene tutto il percorso del progetto.<br />La guardo con nostalgia e nello stesso tempo con un po&#8217; di orgoglio.<br />Bene adesso abbiamo uno spazio di discussione intranet (con facebook WEBM.org) i nostri portfolio (con myWEBM.org) la piattaforma per i nostri meeting on line (con Breeze) il nostro servizio bibliografico (attivo alla grande!) e molto altro: la possibilità di spaziare da modalità asincrone di didattica (video on demand di &#8220;lezioni magistrali&#8221;, percorsi didattici di ogni tipo e  altro ancora che per brevità non ho voglia di ricordare. Che cosa ha rappresentato per noi questo progetto lo lascio alla vostra &#8220;riflessione&#8221;, che cosa può rappresentare ancora lo lascio alla vostra immaginazione&#8230;</p>
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		<title>Pediatric Heart Examination</title>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 15 Nov 2008 09:39:00 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Pediatric Heart Examination Source: www.youtube.com full examination of the heart View Original Article<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=salvofedele.wordpress.com&amp;blog=909238&amp;post=274&amp;subd=salvofedele&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
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<div class="title"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=no3FmabtlKU" title="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=no3FmabtlKU" target="_blank">Pediatric Heart Examination</a></div>
<div class="url">Source: www.youtube.com</div>
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<div class="share_thumb"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=no3FmabtlKU" target="_blank"><img src="http://i3.ytimg.com/vi/no3FmabtlKU/default.jpg" alt="" class="img_loading" /></a></div>
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<div class="summary">full examination of the heart</div>
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		<title>In the grip of Italy&#8217;s bloodiest mafia clan &#124; Film &#124; The Observer</title>
		<link>http://salvofedele.wordpress.com/2008/11/14/in-the-grip-of-italys-bloodiest-mafia-clan-film-the-observer/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 14 Nov 2008 13:51:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>salvofedele</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[In the grip of Italy&#8217;s bloodiest mafia clan &#124; Film &#124; The Observer Fonte: www.guardian.co.uk Gomorrah has been hailed as a classic mafia movie, Ed Vulliamy meets Roberto Saviano, the author of the book it&#8217;s based on<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=salvofedele.wordpress.com&amp;blog=909238&amp;post=273&amp;subd=salvofedele&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
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<div class="title"><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2008/oct/05/mafia.italy" title="http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2008/oct/05/mafia.italy" target="_blank">In the grip of Italy&#8217;s bloodiest mafia clan | Film | The Observer</a></div>
<div class="url">Fonte: www.guardian.co.uk</div>
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<div class="summary">Gomorrah has been hailed as a classic mafia movie, Ed Vulliamy meets Roberto Saviano, the author of the book it&#8217;s based on</div>
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		<title>Guerra educativa en Italia · ELPAÍS.com</title>
		<link>http://salvofedele.wordpress.com/2008/11/14/guerra-educativa-en-italia-%c2%b7-elpaiscom/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 14 Nov 2008 13:50:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>salvofedele</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Guerra educativa en Italia · ELPAÍS.com Fonte: www.elpais.com Miguel Mora su El Pais scrive: &#8220;I dati dell&#8217;OCSE parlano chiaro: tra i 29 paesi sviluppati, l&#8217;Italia è all&#8217;ultimo posto per la spesa destinata all&#8217;istruzione e al ventitreesimo posto per gli stipendi degli insegnanti&#8221; View Original Article<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=salvofedele.wordpress.com&amp;blog=909238&amp;post=272&amp;subd=salvofedele&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
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<div class="title"><a href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/educacion/Guerra/educativa/Italia/elpepusocedu/20081013elpepiedu_2/Tes" title="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/educacion/Guerra/educativa/Italia/elpepusocedu/20081013elpepiedu_2/Tes" target="_blank">Guerra educativa en Italia · ELPAÍS.com</a></div>
<div class="url">Fonte: www.elpais.com</div>
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<div class="story_comment_quote"><span class="story_comment_back_quote"><br />
Miguel Mora su El Pais scrive: &#8220;I dati dell&#8217;OCSE parlano chiaro: tra i 29 paesi sviluppati, l&#8217;Italia è all&#8217;ultimo posto per la spesa destinata all&#8217;istruzione e al ventitreesimo posto per gli stipendi degli insegnanti&#8221;</span></div>
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		<title>Re-Thinking Jeffrey Goldberg &#8211; The Atlantic (July/August 2008)</title>
		<link>http://salvofedele.wordpress.com/2008/11/14/re-thinking-jeffrey-goldberg-the-atlantic-julyaugust-2008/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 14 Nov 2008 13:47:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>salvofedele</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Re-Thinking Jeffrey Goldberg &#8211; The Atlantic (July/August 2008) Fonte: www.theatlantic.com Intrigued (and alarmed) by the new science of “neuromarketing,” our correspondent peers into his own brain via an MRI machine and learns what he really thinks about Jimmy Carter, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Bruce Springsteen, and Edie Falco. Per capire la Risonanza Magnetica Funzionale questo ottimo articolo [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=salvofedele.wordpress.com&amp;blog=909238&amp;post=271&amp;subd=salvofedele&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
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<div class="title"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200807/mri/2" title="http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200807/mri/2" target="_blank">Re-Thinking Jeffrey Goldberg &#8211; The Atlantic (July/August 2008)</a></div>
<div class="url">Fonte: www.theatlantic.com</div>
<div class="story_posted_item clearfix">
<div class="extra">
<div class="share_thumb"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200807/mri/2" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.theatlantic.com/images/issues/200807/mri-ahmadinejad.jpg" alt="" class="img_loading" /></a></div>
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<div class="story_content_excerpt textual">
<div class="metadata">
<div class="summary">Intrigued (and alarmed) by the new science of “neuromarketing,” our correspondent peers into his own brain via an MRI machine and learns what he really thinks about Jimmy Carter, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Bruce Springsteen, and Edie Falco.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="story_comment_quote"><span class="story_comment_back_quote">Per capire la Risonanza Magnetica Funzionale questo ottimo articolo di Jeffrey Goldberg è caldamente consigliato a tutti. Le possibili applicazioni di questa tecnica sono straordinarie. I pericoli? Altrettanto grandi.</span></div>
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		<title>Think. Again.</title>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 14 Nov 2008 13:45:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>salvofedele</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Think. Again. Fonte: thinkagain.theatlant&#8230; There are too many rote answers and not enough good questions. Our minds, dulled by sound bites and trivia, trudge along, unchallenged and unsatisfied. This is why The Atlantic magazine started The Atlantic &#8230; Think again Italy? View Original Article<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=salvofedele.wordpress.com&amp;blog=909238&amp;post=270&amp;subd=salvofedele&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
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<div class="title"><a href="http://thinkagain.theatlantic.com/" title="http://thinkagain.theatlantic.com/" target="_blank">Think. Again.</a></div>
<div class="url">Fonte: thinkagain.theatlant&#8230;</div>
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<div class="summary">There are too many rote answers and not enough good questions. Our minds, dulled by sound bites and trivia, trudge along, unchallenged and unsatisfied. This is why The Atlantic magazine started The Atlantic  &#8230;</div>
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</div>
<div class="story_comment_quote"><span class="story_comment_back_quote">Think again Italy?</span></div>
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		<title>Web 2.0 &#8230; The Machine is Us/ing Us</title>
		<link>http://salvofedele.wordpress.com/2008/11/05/web-20-the-machine-is-using-us/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 05 Nov 2008 00:51:43 +0000</pubDate>
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<p class="citation"><cite><a href="http://www.youtube.com/?v=6gmP4nk0EOE">Web 2.0 &#8230; The Machine is Us/ing Us</a></cite></p>
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		<title>Divario Digitale? Una storia semplice</title>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 26 Mar 2007 06:25:30 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[[splashcast SMOE7490NC]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=salvofedele.wordpress.com&amp;blog=909238&amp;post=268&amp;subd=salvofedele&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p><code>[splashcast SMOE7490NC]</code></p></blockquote>
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		<title>Stop TB Partnership &#8211; Video Library</title>
		<link>http://salvofedele.wordpress.com/2007/03/24/stop-tb-partnership-video-library/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 24 Mar 2007 05:17:00 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Stop TB Partnership &#8211; Video Library<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=salvofedele.wordpress.com&amp;blog=909238&amp;post=37&amp;subd=salvofedele&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.stoptb.org/resource_center/video_library.asp#">Stop TB Partnership &#8211; Video Library</a></p>
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		<title>SIGN-ON TO HELP PROTECT ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE MEDICINES!</title>
		<link>http://salvofedele.wordpress.com/2007/03/23/sign-on-to-help-protect-access-to-affordable-medicines/</link>
		<comments>http://salvofedele.wordpress.com/2007/03/23/sign-on-to-help-protect-access-to-affordable-medicines/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2007 19:29:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>salvofedele</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[avvisi]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Pharmaceutical company Novartis is taking the Indian government to court (VIDEO). If the company wins, millions of people across the globe could have their sources of affordable medicines dry up. SIGN-ON TO HELP PROTECT ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE MEDICINES!<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=salvofedele.wordpress.com&amp;blog=909238&amp;post=138&amp;subd=salvofedele&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.podcast.msf.org/webload/2007/novartis.mov"><img src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_eNvEmoFv2is/RgQreKhdvRI/AAAAAAAAAIw/4u5TqOhC9dA/s320/home_msf_logo.gif" style="display:block;text-align:center;cursor:pointer;margin:0 auto 10px;" border="0" /></a></p>
<blockquote><p>Pharmaceutical company Novartis is taking the Indian government to court <a href="http://www.podcast.msf.org/webload/2007/novartis.mov">(VIDEO)</a>. If the company wins, millions of people across the globe could have their sources of affordable medicines dry up.<br />
<a href="http://www.msf.org/petition_india/international.html">SIGN-ON TO HELP PROTECT ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE MEDICINES!</a></p></blockquote>
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<enclosure url="http://www.podcast.msf.org/webload/2007/novartis.mov" length="864865" type="video/quicktime" />
	
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		<title>24 Marzo: World TB day &amp; la nostra mappa dei casi TBC</title>
		<link>http://salvofedele.wordpress.com/2007/03/22/24-marzo-world-tb-day-la-nostra-mappa-dei-casi-tbc/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Mar 2007 14:43:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>salvofedele</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[ABC del progetto RQ]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[In queste due settimane abbiamo dedicato due dei nostri meeting on line e un intero sito (accesso riservato) a raccogliere i casi di TBC pediatrica in cui ci siamo imbattuti durante l&#8217;intero arco della nostra attività. Le problematiche studiate sono state molte: 1) il rischio di trasmissione particolarmente elevato nei bambini, 2) casi documentati di [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=salvofedele.wordpress.com&amp;blog=909238&amp;post=137&amp;subd=salvofedele&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In queste due settimane abbiamo dedicato due dei nostri meeting on line e <a href="http://mappawebmtbc.blogspot.com/">un intero sito</a>  (accesso riservato) a raccogliere i casi di TBC pediatrica in cui ci siamo imbattuti durante l&#8217;intero arco della nostra attività.<br />
Le problematiche studiate sono state molte:<br />
1) il rischio di trasmissione particolarmente elevato nei bambini,<br />
2) casi documentati di TBC ossea e persino di TBC addominale in età pediatrica<br />
3) linfadeniti cervicali troppo presto liquidate come linfadeniti da assunzione di latte non pastorizzato (e senza documentate colture di M.Bovis)<br />
4) Eritemi nodosi non indagati per TBC<br />
5) adenopatie ilari che sfuggono troppo facilmente allo RX<br />
6) la mancata tempestività dell&#8217;aggiornamento delle nostre linee guida a confronto di quelle di altri paesi (si vedano ad esempio <a href="http://www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=297929">le linee guida del NICE</a>)</p>
<blockquote><p>La cosa che più ci ha sorpreso è stata però una:<br />
la difficoltà che abbiamo riscontrato (indistintamente in tutta Italia, almeno in tutte le regioni in cui WEBM.org è presente) ad avviare indagini epidemiologiche attive a partire dal caso indice per prevenire la Tubercolosi nei contatti.<br />
Alcuni di noi hanno raccontato di aver dovuto avvisare personalmente il collega che aveva in carico un altro bambino venuto a contatto con il caso indice perché il servizio di riferimento considerava a basso rischio quel soggetto (la coltura diventa positiva solo dopo molte settimane, l&#8217;esame dello striscio dell&#8217;espettorato è positivo solo in una minoranza dei casi e di per sé, in particolare in caso di contatto con un bambino,  non è garanzia di scarsa contagiosità)</p></blockquote>
<p>Il contraltare di tutto questo approfondimento è la lettura dei giornali di questi giorni.<br />
Le sigle che stanno terrorizzando gli italiani sono ormai: MDR-TB  e XDR-TB  (sigle tradotte con molta fantasia e nei modi più svariati nei nostri giornali)</p>
<p>Le notizie non sono false, ma è l&#8217;intera comunicazione che falsifica il problema che abbiamo di fronte. L&#8217;enfasi, come accade ormai da un decennio, è stata posta sul problema della resistenza farmacologica. Il problema come sappiamo tutti è reale, ma il messaggio veicolato dai mezzi di informazione è assolutamente falso:<br />
La multiresistenza del Bacillo di Kock è frutto delle inadeguate politiche sanitarie volte a combattere la Tubercolosi e non si risolve con improbabili &#8220;investimenti nella ricerca farmacologica per combattere la TBC&#8221; (o meglio non solo con quella; non a caso per combattere la tubercolosi l&#8217;OMS sceglie una strategia fatta di azioni concrete e la richiesta di investimenti per la ricerca viene fatta anche per gli aspetti diagnostici e sopratutto per la ricerca operativa: &#8220;Programme-based operational research&#8221;)</p>
<p><a href="http://www.stoptb.org/assets/images/logo_files/JPG_files/STOPTB_PICTO2_COLOR.jpg"><img src="http://www.stoptb.org/assets/images/logo_files/JPG_files/STOPTB_PICTO2_COLOR.jpg" style="float:left;cursor:pointer;width:200px;margin:0 10px 10px 0;" border="0" /></a></p>
<p>Se è lecito aspettarsi che un paese in condizioni di povertà economiche non sia in grado di mettere in atto le raccomandazioni dell&#8217;OMS è assolutamente inaudito che ancora oggi in Italia non si siano prese adeguate misure per combattere l&#8217;insorgere di ceppi multiresistenti.<br />
L&#8217;OMS ha sviluppato delle chiare indicazioni che, se messe in atto, sono in grado di combattere l&#8217;insorgenza di questi ceppi.<br />
La prima e più importante raccomandazione dell&#8217;OMS ha una sigla molto esplicativa:<br />
DOT: Directly observed treatment (trattamento osservato direttamente), in pratica la somministrazione del farmaco deve essere fatto sotto osservazione diretta di uno dei responsabili del servizio che ha in carico il paziente.  Di tutte le altre (sintetizzate brevemente alla fine di questo post) si può prendere visione a partire da questo <a href="http://www.who.int/tb/en/">link.</a></p>
<p>Il motivo per cui insorgono le resistenze è secondario esclusivamente alla bassa compliance terapeutica (nei paesi poveri scarse disponibilità di farmaci e di punti di somministrazione).<br />
Ora come si può vedere (con una certa difficoltà) <a href="http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2007/pdf/eur.pdf">dal link cui rimando</a>, di tutti i paesi europei l&#8217;Italia è uno dei pochi che non ha ancora avviato una politica di Directly Observed Treatment.<br />
Se a questo aggiungiamo la difficoltà che ho segnalato all&#8217;inizio ad avviare attive politiche di  ricerca epidemiologica a partire dal caso indice ci rendiamo conto che  un&#8217;emergenza TBC esiste davvero in Italia e che purtroppo questa è molto più grave di quella che ci  comunicano  i giornali ogni giorno: non è il morto da TBC multiresistente quel che deve allarmarci, ma è la sconsolata situazione organizzativa e il silenzio che la circonda quel che deve preoccupare molto.</p>
<p>Il 24 Marzo è l&#8217;anniversario di quel 24 Marzo 1882 in cui Kock rese pubblica la scoperta del bacillo della Tubercolosi, abbiamo un modo molto concreto di ricordare questo aniversario: come  medici dobbiamo chiedere al nostro SSN di affrontare responsabilmente un emergenza epidemiologica molto seria dando seguito a tutte le raccomandazioni dell&#8217;OMS.<br />
Ci vorranno anni per farsi ascoltare, la burocrazia degli esperti (l&#8217;unica cui tradizionalmente il Ministero della Salute dà credito) non legge quel che è scritto in tutti i documenti ufficiali dell&#8217;OMS? Possiamo fare molto (anche a casa nostra) per combattere la TBC nel mondo, ma l&#8217;Italia deve essere in prima fila per aiutare concretamente chi ha più necessità.</p>
<p style="color:#990000;font-weight:bold;" class="shd1">Components of the Stop TB strategy (WHO|The stop strategy)</p>
<p style="color:#990000;font-weight:bold;" class="shd3">1. Pursue high-quality DOTS expansion and enhancement</p>
<ul class="lalpha">
<li>Political commitment with increased and sustained financing</li>
<li>Case detection through quality-assured bacteriology</li>
<li>Standardized treatment with supervision and patient support</li>
<li>An effective drug supply and management system</li>
<li>Monitoring and evaluation system, and impact measurement</li>
</ul>
<p style="color:#990000;font-weight:bold;" class="shd3">2. Address TB/HIV, MDR-TB and other challenges</p>
<ul class="disc">
<li>Implement collaborative TB/HIV activities</li>
<li>Prevent and control multidrug-resistant TB</li>
<li>Address prisoners, refugees and other high-risk groups and special situations</li>
</ul>
<p style="color:#990000;font-weight:bold;" class="shd3">3. Contribute to health system strengthening</p>
<ul class="disc">
<li>Actively participate in efforts to improve system-wide policy, human resources, financing, management, service delivery, and information systems</li>
<li>Share innovations that strengthen systems, including the Practical Approach to Lung Health (PAL)</li>
<li>Adapt innovations from other fields</li>
</ul>
<p style="color:#990000;font-weight:bold;" class="shd3">4. Engage all care providers</p>
<ul class="disc">
<li>Public-Public, and Public-Private Mix (PPM) approaches</li>
<li>International Standards for Tuberculosis Care (ISTC)</li>
</ul>
<p style="color:#990000;font-weight:bold;" class="shd3">5. Empower people with TB, and communities</p>
<ul class="disc">
<li>Advocacy, communication and social mobilization</li>
<li>Community participation in TB care</li>
<li>Patients&#8217; Charter for Tuberculosis Care</li>
</ul>
<p style="color:#990000;font-weight:bold;" class="shd3">6. Enable and promote research</p>
<ul class="disc">
<li>Programme-based operational research</li>
<li>Research to develop new diagnostics, drugs and vaccines</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight:bold;">Un click sul tasto Launch permette di leggere il documento a tutto schermo<br />
</span><br />
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		<title>Mappa dei casi TBC: riunioni del 13 e 20 marzo</title>
		<link>http://salvofedele.wordpress.com/2007/03/20/mappa-dei-casi-tbc-riunioni-del-13-e-20-marzo/</link>
		<comments>http://salvofedele.wordpress.com/2007/03/20/mappa-dei-casi-tbc-riunioni-del-13-e-20-marzo/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 20 Mar 2007 17:41:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>salvofedele</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[avvisi]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Il sito della mappa dei casi TBC è stato aggiornato e sono attivi tutti i link delle registrazioni effettuate<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=salvofedele.wordpress.com&amp;blog=909238&amp;post=267&amp;subd=salvofedele&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Il sito della <a href="http://mappawebmtbc.blogspot.com/">mappa dei casi TBC</a> è stato aggiornato e sono attivi tutti i link delle registrazioni effettuate</p>
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		<title>Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present</title>
		<link>http://salvofedele.wordpress.com/2007/03/20/medical-apartheid-the-dark-history-of-medical-experimentation-on-black-americans-from-colonial-times-to-the-present/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 20 Mar 2007 14:49:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>salvofedele</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present A notoriously syphilis-soaked race In 1932, the United States Public Health Service (PHS) inaugurated its &#8220;Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male&#8221; (Tuskegee Syphilis Study), which promised free medical care to about 600 sick, desperately poor [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=salvofedele.wordpress.com&amp;blog=909238&amp;post=36&amp;subd=salvofedele&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.nyas.org/events/eventDetail.asp?eventID=4117&amp;date=2/15/2007%206:00:00%20PM">Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present</p>
<blockquote><p></a></p>
<p class="subtitle1"><strong>A notoriously syphilis-soaked race</strong></p>
<p><img src="http://www.nyas.org/snc/uu/108/images/apartheid_cover.jpg" align="right" border="0" height="244" hspace="8" vspace="5" width="159" />In 1932, the United States Public Health Service (PHS) inaugurated its &#8220;Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male&#8221; (Tuskegee Syphilis Study), which promised free medical care to about 600 sick, desperately poor sharecroppers in Macon County, Alabama. The study was designed, the PHS explained, to study the progression of syphilis in black men. Scientists had long claimed that the venereal disease manifested differently in blacks than in whites, and PHS scientists decided to document this by finding a pool of infected black men, withholding treatment from them, and then charting the progression of symptoms and disorders. But the PHS lied to the subjects, convincing them that they were being treated, not just studied. Among other things, the PHS expected to validate its belief in a specific type of racial dimorphism of syphilis: Whereas the disease was thought to do its worst damage to the neurologic systems and brains of whites, it was thought to wreak its worst havoc on the cardiovascular system of blacks, sparing their &#8220;relatively primitive and underdeveloped&#8221; brains.</p>
<p>After the first clinics enabled doctors to identify syphilitics, they selected study participants. They wanted only men, whose signs and symptoms were on the exterior genitalia and therefore easier to identify than lesions hidden behind the genitalia of women. They also wanted to exclude men whose syphilis was the result of recent infection, because doctors could be surer of choosing infected men if they chose those in the secondary or later stages of infection. Identifying such study candidates entailed taking painstaking medical histories and performing painful, medically risky spinal taps, ostensibly to determine the extent of syphilis&#8217;s neurologic involvement.</p>
<p>When a crowd appeared seeking the second examination, the PHS ran the spinal taps and selected 399 men with syphilis as subjects to observe. Doctors dispensed inadequate medications such as aspirin, which was craved as a miracle drug by the overworked, sickly men, who marveled at how it assuaged their omnipresent aches and pains. Raymond Vonderlehr, MD, chief of the PHS Venereal Disease Division, later added a control group of 200 uninfected men, who also were wooed with medications. When a dozen of these men developed syphilis over the 40-year course of the experiment, they were simply transferred to the infected group, a blatant violation of experimental design.</p>
<p class="floatRight" style="width:10px;padding-top:2px;"><a href="http://www.nyas.org/publications/updateUnbound.asp?updateID=108#top"><br />
</a></p>
<p class="subtitle1"><strong>No treatment</strong></p>
<p>Vonderlehr confessed in a letter to Clark, &#8220;It is my desire to keep the main purpose of the work from the negroes in the county and to continue their interest in treatment.&#8221; But there was no treatment. The next year, 1933, the PHS doctors went on to write of &#8220;bringing these cases to autopsy.&#8221; If any doubts lingered about the PHS physicians&#8217; intention to withhold treatment, O. C. Wenger, the PHS senior officer for its syphilis program, swept them aside in 1933: &#8220;As I see it, we have no further interest in these patients <em>until they die</em>.&#8221;</p>
<p class="ebriefcallout">&#8220;As I see it, we have no further interest in these patients until they die.&#8221;<br />
— O. C. Wenger, PHS (1933)</p>
<p>The syphilitic men were monitored so well that most received no treatment for 40 years, despite the myriad dramatic changes in the medical landscape between 1932 and 1972. In 1934, PHS doctors met with local black doctors and asked them not to treat the men who were receiving care in the research study; the black doctors agreed. When World War II was declared, Tuskegee Syphilis Study subjects were exempted from the draft because the PHS feared that they would be treated for syphilis in the military.</p>
<p>As men began to die, the PHS performed autopsies and regularly published the results in medical journals. They even shared study results at a 1936 AMA meeting, which means many white physicians were informed of the study&#8217;s details—but not African American physicians, who were barred from AMA membership.</p>
<p>PHS documents that the sera of the infected Tuskegee subjects was used to develop more reliable tests for syphilis, including the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test and the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test. In 1970, Dr. James B. Lucas, of the PHS Venereal Disease branch, conceded, &#8220;Probably the greatest contribution that the Tuskegee Study has made and can continue to provide has been documented sera for study in our laboratory &#8230; In a great measure the development and our endorsement of the FTA-ABS test rested on Tuskegee sera.&#8221;</p>
<p>The decision not to treat the sick men of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study is a crime of omission, and it illustrates several of the important patterns explored in <em>Medical Apartheid</em>. These include the selection of blacks for the riskiest studies; their disproportionate selection for nontherapeutic experimentation; the myth of medical distinctiveness (which held that syphilis was manifested differently in blacks); and the myth of hypersexed blacks as &#8220;incorrigible&#8221; vectors of sexual disease and dysfunction. The use of men as reservoirs of syphilis reinforced the familiar use of black bodies to generate the profitable wonders of new disease approaches (to which the subjects are rarely privy) and the clinical display of disease in the clinic and in medical journals.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.nyas.org/events/eventDetail.asp?eventID=4117&amp;date=2/15/2007%206:00:00%20PM"><br />
</a></p></blockquote>
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		<title>FT.com / Columnists / Lunch with the FT &#8211; Lunch with the FT: Daniel Goleman</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 20 Mar 2007 14:45:00 +0000</pubDate>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/acd3586e-9bc7-11db-9c9b-0000779e2340.html">FT.com / Columnists / Lunch with the FT &#8211; Lunch with the FT: Daniel Goleman</a></p>
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